Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex condition that has left many parents, caregivers, and professionals with questions. A common one is whether autism is something a person is born with.
The answer isn’t simple.
Research shows that genetic and biological factors play a big role, but there’s still much to learn about what causes autism. These uncertainties can be overwhelming, but understanding how autism develops and presents is a key step in creating a supportive, caring environment for those on the spectrum.
In this article, we’ll explore early autism signs and how to identify them, so you can take proactive steps towards diagnosis and intervention.
Genetic Factors
Autism has a strong genetic connection, with family history playing an important role. For example, research shows that having a sibling with autism significantly increases the chances of being diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A 2024 study published in the American Academy of Pediatrics Journal found that siblings of children with ASD have about a 20.2% chance of also being diagnosed, compared to just 1% in the general population. This highlights how family links can influence autism.
Certain genetic conditions are also tied to a higher likelihood of autism. For instance, fragile X syndrome, Down syndrome (18.1%), and Rett syndrome (50%) are all associated with a greater risk of ASD. Studies show that up to 50–60% of males and 16% of females with Fragile X syndrome also meet the criteria for autism. Similarly, Rett syndrome, which primarily affects females, has a confirmed connection to autism traits.
That said, genetics don’t tell the whole story. Environmental factors can interact with genetic predispositions, influencing whether someone develops autism and how it presents itself.
While genes may set the stage, other factors can shape the outcome. Understanding the balance between genetics and environment is key to approaching autism with empathy and deeper insight, allowing us to better support kids, families and the wider community.
Environmental Factors
Environmental factors also contribute to the development of ASD. These can include:
Advanced Parental Age
Research has shown that advanced parental age can be one of the factors linked to autism development. As parents age, particularly when fathers are over 45 or mothers are over 35, the chances of having a child with autism can slightly increase.
This is thought to be connected to genetic mutations or changes that happen naturally with age, which might impact the developing baby. It’s important to note, though, that the increase in risk is quite small, and many older parents have neurotypical children.
While this information might feel concerning, it’s meant to raise awareness and encourage informed decisions, not to cause alarm.
Maternal Factors
A mother’s health during pregnancy plays an important role in a baby’s development. Conditions like obesity, diabetes, or immune system issues have been linked to a slightly higher risk of autism.
For instance, research shows that mothers with obesity may face a 67% increased chance of having a child with autism. Also, gestational diabetes, especially early in pregnancy, can heighten risks as well. Immune system challenges, such as autoimmune conditions in mothers, may also contribute by causing inflammation that affects the baby’s brain development.
While this might sound overwhelming, managing these conditions during pregnancy can help reduce risks. With the right care, many of these challenges can be addressed to support both mom and baby.
Prenatal Exposure to Air Pollution or Certain Pesticides
The environment during pregnancy can play a key role in a baby’s development. Studies suggest that exposure to high levels of air pollution, such as fine particulate matter (PM2.5), may slightly increase the risk of autism.
Similarly, some pesticides, particularly if exposure happens early in pregnancy, can disrupt brain development. These environmental factors may impact the brain through inflammation or toxicity.
Although avoiding all exposure might not always be possible, understanding these risks empowers families and communities to advocate for cleaner air and safer agricultural practices. Every small step toward a healthier environment can make a big difference.
Complications During Pregnancy or Birth
Complications during pregnancy or delivery can sometimes affect a child’s long-term development, including their risk of autism. Issues like preeclampsia or placental insufficiency (when the placenta doesn’t work properly) have been linked to potential developmental challenges such as autism. Similarly, complications during delivery, such as a lack of oxygen to the baby (hypoxia), have a 29% increase in the likelihood of autism.
These moments of stress on the developing brain are significant, but it’s reassuring to know that advances in medical care have greatly improved the ability to manage these complications. Regular prenatal and perinatal monitoring can play a huge role in minimizing risks and ensuring the best outcomes for both mom and baby.
Very Low Birth Weight or Extreme Prematurity
Babies born very prematurely or at a very low birth weight face unique challenges, including a higher risk of autism. Studies show that these babies are more likely to be diagnosed with autism compared to those born full-term.
Premature birth can sometimes interfere with brain development because of the shortened time in the womb, which is critical for growth and “wiring” in the brain. Thankfully, neonatal care has made incredible strides in supporting preemies, and with the right follow-up care and developmental support, many of these babies go on to thrive.
At K1ds Count Therapy, We’re Here To Help!
This information can feel like a lot to process, but knowledge is power. By understanding these factors, parents and caregivers can work closely with healthcare providers to make informed decisions and take proactive steps to support their child’s development.
At K1ds Count Therapy, we believe in providing families with the resources and support they need to navigate these challenges together. Our team of professional therapists is here to answer any questions and provide the best care for children with autism. With early intervention and support, children can reach their full potential and thrive in all aspects of life.
Learn More About How We Can Help Your Kids With Autism Today!
Gene-Environment Interaction
While the exact causes of autism are still being studied, it’s important to recognize that genetics and environmental factors may interact in complex ways.
Genetic Factors
When it comes to autism spectrum disorder (ASD), research shows that genetics play a big role. In fact, around 80-83% of the risk for autism may come from inherited genetic traits. Scientists have linked certain genes, like SHANK3 and CHD8, to ASD because of their connection to brain development and communication between neurons.
However, it’s important to remember there isn’t a single “autism gene.” Instead, autism likely results from a mix of common and rare genetic variations, each adding a small piece to the puzzle. While advances in science, like genomic sequencing, have helped us learn more about these genetic factors, there’s still so much we don’t fully understand.
Environmental Factors
Genetics are only part of the story. Environmental factors also play a role in autism’s development. As we previously mentioned, conditions during pregnancy, such as infections, exposure to toxins, or complications, can increase the risk. Also, other factors, like advanced parental age, low birth weight, or premature birth, have also been associated with ASD.
That said, it’s key to keep in mind that these are correlations—most children exposed to these conditions do not go on to develop autism. While these links help scientists understand potential risks, they don’t paint the whole picture.
How Genetics and Environment Work Together
One of the most fascinating—and complex—parts of autism research is how genetics and the environment interact. A child may inherit genetic traits that make them more likely to develop autism, but certain environmental factors can influence how and when those traits appear.
This process, called gene-environment interaction, can include things like environmental stressors that “switch on” or “silence” certain genes, a phenomenon known as epigenetics.
This interplay of genetics and the environment also helps explain why autism is so unique to each individual. No two people with autism experience it in exactly the same way. This is known as “heterogeneity”, which is a wide spectrum of behaviors, strengths, and challenges shaped by each person’s unique combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Moving Forward
By studying how genetics and the environment work together, researchers hope to uncover ways to identify autism risks earlier and provide more effective support. For instance, understanding how prenatal care or reducing exposure to toxins can minimize risks may result in actionable recommendations for expectant parents. Similarly, identifying specific genetic markers could lead to personalized therapies to support a child’s neurodevelopment.
Ultimately, the goal is not just about prevention but about creating better tools, resources, and understanding to help individuals with autism live fulfilling lives. Every step forward in this research brings us closer to providing more compassionate care and meaningful support for individuals and their families.
Timing of Diagnosis
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is rooted in genetic and biological factors that are present from birth, but the signs that help doctors diagnose it often don’t show up until a child is between 18 months and 3 years old. That’s because while differences in brain development start before birth—like structural changes in the brain—these aren’t visible through behavior right away. Instead, behavioral signs, like challenges with social interaction or speech delays, start to become noticeable in a child’s second year of life.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the average age for an autism diagnosis in the U.S. is around 49 months old. However, with improved tools like the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT), some children can now be diagnosed as early as age 2.
Early autism symptoms and signs can vary a lot from child to child, ranging from limited eye contact to unusual reactions to sensory input. This wide range of symptoms is why regular developmental screenings in early childhood are so important.
Early diagnosis matters. Catching autism early means families can access therapies and support that make a big difference, especially before the age of 3. Research shows that early intervention can help improve communication, social skills, and adaptability, setting children up for better long-term outcomes.
Still, the process of getting a diagnosis can be tough. Many parents may not recognize the early signs, and healthcare systems sometimes fall short of providing timely evaluations, especially in underserved communities.
That’s why raising awareness and ensuring access to developmental screenings for all children is so vital. By focusing on early identification and support, we can help children with autism thrive and give families the tools they need to navigate this journey with confidence and care.
How Do I Know if My Child Has Autism?
Recognizing signs of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children can be tricky since every child grows and develops at their own pace. But spotting these signs early is important to help children access the support they need to thrive. Let’s break it down into some common areas to watch for, based on research and expert insights.
Early Signs (0-2 Years)
The first signs of autism often show up in the first two years of life. Parents sometimes notice developmental differences as early as 6-12 months. While every child’s journey is unique, here are some things to keep an eye on:
- Not responding to their name by 12 months: This could mean they’re having trouble with social or auditory engagement.
- Avoiding eye contact: If a child isn’t making eye contact during play or conversations, it could point to challenges in connecting socially.
- Not smiling back when you smile: Missing shared moments of joy like this may be something to note.
- Limited or no babbling by 12 months: Most babies experiment with sounds as they approach their first words. Delayed babbling could be an early sign.
- Few or no words by 16 months: By this age, kids usually start saying simple words. A lack of speech might signal something worth exploring.
- No two-word phrases by 24 months: Language delays, like not combining words by this stage, could be a red flag.
- Losing skills they used to have: If a child stops using words or social skills they once had, it’s important to bring this up with a healthcare provider.
Social Communication Challenges
Trouble with social communication is a key characteristic of autism and might show up in different ways:
- Difficulty understanding emotions: Some kids may struggle to pick up on others’ feelings or respond in ways that feel natural.
- Unusual speaking patterns: This could include repeating words or phrases (echolalia) or speaking in a way that feels less conversational.
- Preferring to play alone: Some children might seem more comfortable in their own world rather than with peers.
- Challenges with conversations: Even if they have words, keeping a back-and-forth conversation going might be tough.
- Limited gestures: Nonverbal cues like pointing, waving, or nodding may be used less often.
Behavior Patterns
Certain behaviors can also stand out as signs of autism. These may include:
- Restricted or Repetitive behaviors: Things like hand flapping, rocking, or spinning objects can be common self-soothing actions.
- Strong interest in specific topics or objects: They might have an intense focus, like loving trains or spinning wheels, more than you’d expect.
- Need for routines: Changes to routines might cause distress since predictability can feel comforting.
- Unusual sensory reactions: Some kids might be extra sensitive to sounds, smells, or textures, while others might not notice them much at all.
- Limited pretend play: Make-believe games might not come as naturally or feel as interesting to them.
Every child is different, and these signs don’t mean a child definitely has autism. But if you notice several of these behaviors, it’s a good idea to chat with a healthcare professional. Early support can make a big difference!
Final Thoughts
While an autism diagnosis can bring many challenges, it’s also a chance to find new ways to connect with and understand your child. With early intervention and ongoing support, children with autism can learn and grow in their own unique ways.
So if you have concerns about your child’s development, don’t be afraid to speak up and seek help. Remember, early diagnosis matters and can make a positive impact on your child’s future!
K1ds Count Therapy is here to support families affected by autism. Our team of therapists provides individualized, collaborative, and evidence-based treatment to help kids with autism reach their full potential. Contact us today to learn more about our services and how we can support you and your child on this journey.
Learn More About How We Can Help Your Kids With Autism Today!
